Among existing and emerging technologies to recycle spent Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) from Electric Vehicles (EVs), pyrometallurgical processes are commonly used. However, very little is known about their environmental and energy impacts. In this study, three pyrometallurgical technologies are analyzed and compared in terms of Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Cumulative Energy Demand (CED), namely: an emerging Direct Current (DC) plasma smelting technology (Sc-1), the same DC plasma technology but with an additional pre-treatment stage (Sc-2), and a more commercially mature Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) furnace (Sc-3). The net impacts for the recovered metals are calculated using both ‘open-loop’ and ‘closed-loop’ recycling options. Results reveal that shifting from the UHT furnace technology (Sc-3) to the DC plasma technology could reduce the GWP of the recycling process by up to a factor of 5 (when employing pre-treatment, as is the case with Sc-2). Results also vary across factors e.g. different metal recovery rates, carbon/energy intensity of the electricity grid (in Sc-1 and Sc-2), rates of aluminum recovery (in Sc-2), and sources of coke (in Sc-3). However, the sensitivity analysis showed that these factors do not change the best option which was determined before (as Sc-2) except in a few cases for CED. Overall, the research methodology and application presented by this LCA informs future environmental and energy impact studies that want to assess existing recycling processes of LIB or other emerging technologies.
Rajaeifar, Mohammad AliRaugei, Marco Steubing, BernhardHartwell, AnthonyAnderson, PaulHeidrich, Oliver
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
Year of publication: 2021Date of RADAR deposit: 2021-05-11